NR supplementation (6 months) improved walking distance by 17.6m vs. placebo. NR combined with resveratrol improved walking by 26.9m —demonstrating functional benefits in vascular disease.

1000mg NR daily for 30 days significantly increased cerebral NAD+ levels. Well-tolerated and associated with altered cerebral metabolism and mild clinical improvement. First evidence of NR crossing the blood-brain barrier.

Randomized double-blind crossover trial confirmed chronic NR is well-tolerated and stimulates NAD+ metabolism. Dose-dependent increases of 22% (100mg), 51% (300mg), and 142% (1000mg) observed within 2 weeks.

NR significantly increased blood NAD+ and was well-tolerated in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Observed a potential reduction in pTau217 —a key Alzheimer's biomarker —suggesting neuroprotective effects worthy of further investigation.

12 weeks of NR at 2000mg/day was safe and produced dose-dependent blood NAD+ increases. Establishes NR's strong safety profile across a range of doses.

NR treatment improved mitochondrial function and delayed senescence in stem cells in aged mice. Enhanced muscle function. Foundational mechanistic study on NR's role in cellular aging research.

Beagle dogs administered NMN twice daily for 14 days showed only mild transient changes in creatinine and uric acid. No significant adverse effects —supporting the safety of oral NMN in dogs.

12-month oral NMN study: suppressed age-associated weight gain, enhanced energy metabolism, promoted physical activity, improved insulin sensitivity, and ameliorated eye function. Prevented age-associated gene expression changes in metabolic organs.

250mg/day NMN for 10 weeks increased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and upregulated muscle remodeling genes in prediabetic women —directly relevant to energy and physical performance in aging.

Randomized 60-day trial with 300mg, 600mg, and 900mg NMN: all doses significantly increased blood NAD+ concentrations and were safe. Provides dose-response data supporting NMN supplementation in healthy aging adults.

Long-term NMN significantly reduced arterial stiffness in individuals with above-average BMI and blood glucose —suggesting benefits for the metabolic subgroup most at risk for cardiovascular aging.

Quercetin significantly decreased fecal calprotectin and cortisol while increasing beneficial short-chain fatty acids in dogs. First canine study showing quercetin's measurable effect on gut biomarkers.

Quercetin significantly reduced intracellular oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production in stimulated canine immune cells —supporting its role in canine cellular antioxidant defense.

Quercetin disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and triggered apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cells via mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms —supporting its role as a natural cellular-stress regulating compound in dogs.

Phase 2 RCT: intermittent quercetin dosing over 20 weeks had beneficial effects on bone formation markers. First Phase 2 trial demonstrating quercetin's senolytic action —clearing senescent cells —with measurable clinical benefit.

Phase 1 RCT: intermittent quercetin therapy was feasible and well-tolerated in pulmonary fibrosis patients. Establishes translational evidence for quercetin's mechanism of action in age-related inflammatory disease.

Phase 1 RCT: intermittent quercetin therapy was feasible and well-tolerated in pulmonary fibrosis patients. Establishes translational evidence for quercetin's mechanism of action in age-related inflammatory disease.

70 senior dogs with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment received a niacinamide-based NAD+ precursor blend for 6 months. Full-dose group showed significant improvement in owner-reported Canine Cognitive Dysfunction scores and activity. Most directly relevant canine NAD+ precursor study available.

Nicotinamide-based precursor supplementation increased NAD+ by ~40% (standard dose) and ~90% (double dose) over 8 weeks sustained throughout the trial. Safe and tolerable with no adverse effects in 120 healthy older adults.

Declining NAD+ and niacinamide levels are a hallmark of aging in mammals. Restoration via precursor supplementation reactivated SIRT1 and AMPK pathways improving mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Establishes the core biological rationale for niacinamide supplementation.

Niacinamide precursors reduced cellular senescence via NAD+ pathway activation reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function in aging lung tissue. Protected against fibrosis.

12-month aging study: nicotinamide precursor supplementation suppressed age-associated physiological decline improved energy metabolism and enhanced mitochondrial function. Establishes niacinamide's foundational role in NAD+ biology across aging.

NAD+ content was significantly decreased in striated muscles of Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy dogs. Niacinamide supplementation modestly reduced muscle inflammation and necrosis demonstrating direct efficacy in restoring NAD+ in canine muscle tissue.

12 weeks of pumpkin seed oil prevented age-related increases in total cholesterol and LDL and triglycerides while significantly reducing blood pressure. Cardiovascular-protective effects particularly relevant to aging.

Pumpkin-based supplementation significantly increased plasma antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx and catalase) and reduced oxidative stress biomarkers in adults aged 60+. Beta-carotene and fiber were identified as the primary active components.

Pumpkin polysaccharides significantly reduced blood glucose and lipid levels increased beneficial gut bacteria and shifted intestinal metabolism toward beneficial fermentation. Increased short-chain fatty acid production —key metabolites for gut barrier health.

Oral pumpkin seed extract decreased body fat and reduced reactive oxygen species while promoting expression of antioxidant enzymes Nrf2 and HO-1. Demonstrates pumpkin's ability to combat aging-related oxidative stress through direct antioxidant enzyme upregulation.

Bovine bone broth reduced histological intestinal damage by 54.56% in colitis-induced mice and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine markers (IL-1B and IL-6 and TNF-a). Demonstrates gut-barrier supportive properties of broth's amino acid profile.

A therapeutic diet incorporating bone broth components resolved clinical diarrhea in 31 adult dogs within 56 days. Microbiome analysis confirmed the diet shifted gut metabolism toward beneficial fermentation and increased markers of a healthy longevity microbiome.

Glutamine (beef broth's primary amino acid) regulates tight junction proteins and enhances mucin production and prevents intestinal permeability. Serves as primary fuel for enterocytes protecting against a key driver of systemic aging inflammation.

Beef liver contains high concentrations of CoQ10 (33.34 ug/g) with 68.17% bioavailability —substantially higher than muscle tissue. Identified as a key functional food for cellular energy metabolism and antioxidant defense in aging dogs.

Human-grade beef liver demonstrated crude protein digestibility of 92.8–95.1% and fat digestibility of 98.3–99.0% in dogs. Liver's B-vitamin complex and minerals achieve >80% absorption rates directly supporting cellular energy production.

Beef liver demonstrates superior amino acid digestibility (>85% for most essential amino acids and several >90%) —significantly higher than standard muscle meat. Organ meats confirmed as optimal protein source for nutrient bioavailability in aging dogs.